Efficient Resource Allocation In Cognitive Radio Networks

Efficient resource allocation in cognitive radio networks considering time varying constraints Abstract: Wide spread acceptance of wireless technologies has given rise to increase in demand for bandwidth .cognitive radio was developed as a promising technique to overcome the scarcity of spectrum resources in wireless communication. The term cognitive radio is defined as an intelligent radio that can be programmed and configured dynamically. Particular portion of the spectrum can be used only by a specific user of communication systems i.e. licensed user (or) primary user (PU). The secondary user is cognitive user (CR). There are two main paradigms to implement CR in practical, namely interweave and underlay techniques. The main motive of†¦show more content†¦In underlay transmission method the secondary users use the licensed band along with the active primary users but to keep the interference to the PU’s under a predefined threshold level the SU’s will control their power accordingly, where as in interweave transmission the SU’s use the licensed band whe n no active primary user is present [3]. Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio is performed to know the surrounding radio environment such as PU’s existence and usage of spectrum in geo graphical area and it determine the spectrum holes. Based on the spectrum sensing results, the process of identifying the best channel to meet the QOS to the user is known as spectrum management. It assigns that channel to the cognitive user. Scheduling coefficients, rate, power are the resources available for cognitive radio to adapt. In spectrum management by using some time varying constraints it identifies the best channel in the spectrum, but there are still few challenges in design faced by cognitive radio paradigm For controlling interference we need some extra constraints. The volatile nature of CR may cause outdated statistical channel state information. It is difficult to acquire instantaneous CSI of the PU. For first design challenge, interference can inflicted by either through average (long term) transmit-power constraints or instantaneous (short term) constraints [4]. The instantaneous constraints have been focused as the second design challenge, handling these constraintsShow MoreRelatedOptimal Communication Of Real Time Data On Secure Cdma Ip Ran Network1097 Words   |  5 PagesOPTIMAL COMMUNICATION OF REAL TIME DATA ON SECURE CDMA IP RAN NETWORK Abstract: This paper presents an optimal and secure communication of real time data over a CDMA based IP RAN network. In the process of data transmission, a new coding approach for security enhancement and quality improvement based on spectrum utilization and antenna coding is suggested. The traffic model is developed for image and audio data transmission over a wireless channel, having an interference of AWGN noise with fadingRead MoreLTE-ADVANCED Introduction: With the increase in the demands for high capacities, the mobile1000 Words   |  4 Pagescontinuously upgrading their radio technologies to meet the demand. LTE advanced is the successor version of LTE (Long Term Evolution), which fulfills the entire criterion specified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) to be considered as 4G. In order to satisfy all the standards specified by the ITU there were many advanced technologies and capabilities that the older telecommunication systems did not include. 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The Hanging Stranger by Philip Dick Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Various writers have argued that following the rules of the society is an important consideration to prevent dire consequences. In his work, The Hanging Stranger, Dick has adequately outlined the presented statement. In The Hanging Stranger, it is evident that Loyce discovered that the fellow citizens in the city were indifferent to the stranger who was hanging within the city square. He realized that all persons who seemed typical as himself were pseudo-men. They were prone to following a group or accepting horrible situations since they did not have stable standards defining them independent of the available group in the society. Unlike Loyce, the other members of the community were willing to settle for horrible acts in the society defined by a high level of social injustice such as lynching and witch-hunt. Evidently, when Loyce engaged Fergusson in a conversation regarding the dead body, he put him off by stating, Take it easy, old man. There must be a good reason, or it wouldn 't be there (P. 13). Fergusson's words provide an indication that the element of injustice in the society cannot be easily addressed by a person who will acknowledge its existence. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hanging Stranger by Philip Dick or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The decision made by Loyce indicated a high level of indifference to the existing societal rule on stranger lynching, therefore, resulting in drastic consequences for him. Evidently, when the police arrived at the scene, Loyce provides that he was working underground the entire day (Dick, 1967). However, the police missed the explanation on the corpse and instead considered Loyce as a suspicious character.

The Attributes of a High Quality Accounting Standard Free Essays

What are the attributes of a high quality accounting standard? Globalization is a fact of life in today’s worldwide economy. They are many barriers to achieving a true global market; one of these barriers has to do with accounting standards or the presentation of accounting information. Various users have diverse needs for financial information. We will write a custom essay sample on The Attributes of a High Quality Accounting Standard or any similar topic only for you Order Now Companies in different parts of the world had their own methods in preparing their financial statements. Trying to compare the accounting rules of these different companies would have been difficult. As a result, accounting bodies were created in order to standardize the accounting principles in order to avoid any difficulties in the future and make these methods comparable and uniform. As a result, this is how accounting standards were evolved. There are two major standard setting bodies in the world. These are the U. S Financial Accounting Standard Board (FASB) – the standard they created is called the US GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles). American companies create statements that follow the US GAAP and the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) – the standard they create is IAS or IFRS. As far back as 1967 the Accountants International Study Group (AISG) began a foundation to publish papers on important topics. This led to an agreement in March 1973 to establish an international body writing accounting standards for international use. This is how International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) came into existence. The objectives of the committee were to formulate and publish, in the public interest, standards to be observed in the presentation of financials statements and to promote worldwide acceptance. Also to work generally for the improvement and harmonization of regulation accounting standards and procedures relating to the presentation of the financial statements. The IASC survived for 27 years, until 2001 when the organization was restructured and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) replaced the IASC, and that any standards to be published after that would follow a series known as the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Some of the Characteristics of high quality accounting standards: †¢Transparency: The information presented should be to be economically significant and an investor should be able to tell what is happening at the company by looking at the financial statement. †¢ Comparability: The information provided should have common framework to enable review, analysis and interpretation of financial information across entities, countries and regions. The information should also allow an investor to compare the financial results for this year versus last year or the year before that within the given company. Credibility: With standard the companies produce financial reports that disclose similar results, which gains credibility. There is Uniformity in financial reports. †¢Discipline: Mandatory accounts impose systematic on going regulations – others can rely on information for making loan, credit and investment decisions Financial information should be as useful as possible for many different types of users for example investors, analysts, tax authorities and many more. An investor who wants to understand what is going on at a company will be able to look at the financial statement and come to a decision or develop an understanding of the company. Financial statements also allow an investor to compare across different companies; if they are looking to invest to two companies ideally, they should be able to look at the financial statement of the two companies and make a comparison. Financial Reporting Standards (FRS) has 30 standards and International Accounting Standards (IAS) has 41 standards. FRS 15 and IAS 16 have to do with Plant Property and Equipment (PPE). The accounting standard FRS 15- PPE ensures that tangible fixed assets, with the exception of investment properties, are accounted for in a consistent manner. In order to recognize the PPE in IAS 16 as an asset, it will have to receive the risks and rewards of the ownership transferred to the company and expect future economic benefits, for instance revenue. The cost of the asset must also be reliably measured. These two conditions apply for both initial cost and subsequent cost. Some assets that don’t bring future economical benefits still qualify for recognition as an asset. For instance assets that are required by law for safety or environmental reason to operate other resources. In relation to subsequent cost, some assets require regular major inspection, over hauling, replacement of major parts. All these should be included in the carrying amount of an item although incurred subsequently. This principle has conditions that are mandated worldwide which includes high quality standard by allowing fixed assets between any companies. An item of PPE qualifying for recognition shall be measured on the cost basis, which is purchase price and any directly attributable cost for example delivery, legal fees and any sort of testing cost that might occur. If they are any expected removal costs at the end of the ownership or before disposal of the assets, the company may be obliged to account for the removal costs. You normally find that this will occur toxic industries. High quality standards come into play in this section by allowing the results to be credible. If the rules were not set out world wide, then the final amount for different companies would differ, as some might include the attributable cost and some not. Subsequently there are options on how to measure the PPE, one of them is that you can use cost model or the revaluation model. If a company use’s the revaluation model, it should revalue it regularly. Depreciation is the reduction values of the asset due to wear and tear, normally done over time, or on a use basis. The three things a company needs for depreciation is depreciable amount, useful economic life of the asset, and this is either based on time or usually based on the amount of units it is going to produce. Lastly, the company will have to apply it on a systematic basis, by basing it on units produced, a diminishing value or on a straight-line basis. Sometimes components of the asset can depreciate separately. Derecognizing an asset is usually because that company has disposed of it, sold it or realized there is no future economic benefit left in the asset. Any gain or loss where the asset is derecognized is sent to the statement of comprehension income, not as revenue but as a sale of PPE. For investorsto make a decision to invest in a company, they would need high quality accounting standards to compare and decide which company to invest in, whether it may be in China or the UK. High quality accounting standards play a big role in all companies world wide, they provide useful, relevant information where the standards are comparable and result in full disclosure. Without them investors would not be able to make their decisions. How to cite The Attributes of a High Quality Accounting Standard, Essay examples

Havaianas free essay sample

The Success of a Flip Flop Havaianas is one of the most commented successful cases in business. It became famous for its market repositioning, advertisement with celebrities, and increase of portfolio. Havaianas, a Brazilian rubber flip flop, is now the most popular flip flop in the world as a result of a hard-working change in the Marketing Mix, which exceeded the flip flop conventionality and became a fashion article. The flip flop Havaianas began to be manufactured in 1962 by Alpargatas. The target market for this flip flop was the middle class. However, after a period, everyone was using it and the flip flop became too popular, according with Rui Porto, Director of Media and Communication of Alpargatas. The popularity of the product became a problem. In 1980, the widespread use of the flip flop lowered the profitability levels so much that it fitted in the category of commodity. Havaianas flip flop was manufactured only in a single model, the business was running risky and changes in communication would not be enough to modify this scenario. We will write a custom essay sample on Havaianas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Alpargatas’ strategy for Havaianas was causing a drastic change in the marketing mix. After the market repositioning strategy was established in 1994, the first step was to create other models of Havaianas. The idea was to create a new line of flip flop with different colors and shapes that would result in product segmentation. After that, the channels of distribution became focused on niche markets, where each point of sale received a different model, according to its target market. Lather then, the product display in retail outlets was modified to enhance the product and facilitate the choice instead of big baskets of mixed pairs. The last change, but not less important, was the communication. The communication focus changed of how the product was, e. g. a flip flop made by a soft rubber, to highlight the consumers and their attitudes. Moreover, among the communication strategies was sponsoring fashion shows, TV Shows, giving pairs away for celebrities and critics leaders. Also, the advertisements on TV, newspapers and magazines were focused in showing the spirit of good things by celebrities using the Havaianas flip flop. The result was that Havaianas became a fashion article and, now, the brand is placed on the side of big international companies, such as Channel, which sells its products among pairs of Havaianas in an action of co-brand. Nowadays, Havaianas is sold in 80 countries around the world reaching a sale number of 160 million pairs of flip flop per year. The Havaianas flip flop case shows is an example that there is no magic formula for success.